The questions raised in this material seem to be obvious and seem simple at first glance. But they make adults think first of all, whose task is to convey to them in a simple and understandable form that truth that they themselves forget about in the whirlpool of life. Children, reaching a certain age, can appreciate and understand the life around them. Pupils of grade 4 with examples of universal values, cited by them in an accessible form, belong to this age group.

General concept

General human values ​​are a theoretically existing system of moral norms, the content of which is not associated with a temporary historical period. Considering the fact that today there is close communication between representatives of all cultures and nationalities, the existence of a universal human value system is simply necessary.

Life as a value

Today, society has reached the level of development in terms of technology, that mutual destruction is possible. The existing system of universal human values ​​can or should be a kind of restraining barrier between peoples.

The most important and first point in this system should be human life. It is an untouchable fact, an attempt on a person's life is unacceptable.

Let's give an example of a universal human value - life. A man was born. At birth, everyone has enormous potential and inexhaustible resources. But everyone decides for himself how to dispose of the resources given to him. One person is a master: from a pile of iron he will create something valuable and necessary, for example, a car. Another, for example, a surgeon who can save many lives over the years. Due to the knowledge and skills that he acquired, due to his natural resources.

The third example, a person who drinks and does not work anywhere, at birth had the same resources and the same potential, but did not use them. Based on the above example, such a universal human value as life is the main and incommensurable value with anything in the world. And no matter what profession or age, or health of any person, everyone should know and understand the fact that the life of any person is of immeasurable value.

The value of health

Human health also belongs to this system: every person in modern society has the right to preserve his health, has the right to treatment. Without good health, it is almost impossible to build a chain of other values ​​for a person.

All over the world, in every country, the development of the health care system is considered an important stage. Hospitals, clinics, sanatoriums, hospitals: all this is created to maintain and, which is also important, control over human health. Here is an example of a universal human value - health. We often wish each other good health. This has been the practice from generation to generation. After all, having good health, a person will be able to overcome all life's difficulties, and if necessary, then survive serious overloads.

The right to education. The value of education as a value

Let's continue our story about universal human values, an example for the 4th grade is the right to education. It certainly can be attributed to this system. Today, this is a step for a person into the world, where he can take his place, benefit society, receive benefits for himself and, most importantly, for his loved ones.

Family as the main value of a person

Family. Family". The most important universal value, any family can be an example, be it the family of a friend, neighbor, classmate. If you look around, you can notice that they are different: funny and noisy, strict and conservative, complete and incomplete.

Family and family values ​​are two branches that are tightly intertwined with each other. These values ​​for each person are presented in the form of a long, long list, which proves the importance and necessity of the existence of a family. This is love: a mother for her child, between spouses, caring for the older generation.

Family and family values ​​are important and necessary to any person, like a root for a mighty oak, the strength and power of which will dry out if the root is damaged or sick. So it is with the family. Let the moments described above serve as examples of universal values.

Science in the value system

Science occupies a leading position in the system of universal values. Today, there is an environmental threat to our planet, and, of course, the man himself is to blame. Ecosystems are interfering with their structure, but the development of science is the reason for this. This is a situation on the one hand.

On the other hand, the development of science has erected the world around us in which we live. An example is the discoveries made on the basis of research by physicists, chemists, mathematicians, astrologers, gave impetus to the further development of mankind in various industries.

Conventionally, the influence of science can be divided into the unconscious formation of an understanding of the world as a whole, and the conscious, which is formed in a person under the influence of society, that is, society. This fact can be attributed to the general educational system of education, self-education. Unconscious formation implies the fact, as the natural essence of man, that is, at birth, each of us is already embedded, as they say, "human essence", inherent curiosity, a desire to learn something new for oneself. And no matter in what area of ​​activity this happens, what is important is the fact that this mechanism starts working again and again. This is what distinguishes humans from animals.

Physical Culture and sport. Their place in this case

Physical culture and sports in the system of universal values ​​occupy their important and significant position. They are aimed at strengthening human health, as well as the development of physical and moral-volitional abilities, all this together leads to the development of a strong and harmonious human personality.

Sport is a universal cultural value, an example of this can be the history of development itself: these are Olympiads, and competitions, and historically formed sports. The importance of physical culture and sports is great and is formed in several directions:

• First, under the influence of these factors, a person is formed as a person.
• Secondly, he himself, already in the process of playing sports, contributes to its development, reveals or improves sports.
• Thirdly, it contributes to the development of the society itself as a whole.

Literature in human life

The emergence and formation of literature itself from century to century proves the fact that it is the most important value for mankind. Literature touches the human soul, it helps to reveal and understand all its depth, its dark and light sides, makes one wonder why some events happened exactly like this, what it is connected with, what could have happened if a person had acted differently.

The answers to all these questions can be found in books. Any book, any work can serve as proof of this. An example of universal human values ​​from literature can serve as the work "A Word about Igor's Campaign ...", which describes the service to their Motherland, its protection, the life of the main characters is devoted to a high idea. In addition, an example is the loyalty and tenderness of Russian wives in this work, which, in turn, is also an example of the universal human value of the family. A family that gives a person strength, a desire to create.

Here is another example from the classical literature on the work of Anton Pavlovich Chekhov "Ionych". It describes the life of a young man, whose desire was to serve society, to be useful, but the turning point in his life was love. He fell in love with a young beautiful girl who did not reciprocate. The main character made her a marriage proposal, and in return received only ridicule. No, he did not die, did not get sick, but he lost that interest in life, the very light that gave him the desire to live an interesting full life went out in him. And over time, he became flabby, addicted to gambling, and his existence became empty and meaningless.

Using the example of his hero, the author wanted to show that the loss of such universal human values ​​as love and family led the protagonist into a dead-end situation. Let this experience also serve as an example to the younger generation: you cannot stop in life if some kind of trouble happens, you always need to go forward to your dream, you always need to try to implement your plans. After all, if you succeed in doing something, then the reward for yourself will not keep you waiting long - feelings of self-respect and satisfaction from life will be your guarantee. Here is an example of universal human values ​​was given by the author.

Conclusion

In conclusion, I would like to once again note the importance of moral guidelines for today for each person individually, and for society as a whole. Photos of examples of universal values ​​are presented in this article.

I would like to pay tribute to the masters of their craft, their work can also be an example for us, introduced by them into the general concept of universal human values. After all, contemplation of the beautiful is a reminder that everything is near, around you, take care and love, give yourself, learn - learn with pleasure, learn every day, let it be one little step, but let it be done.

Basic universal values

Labor training naturally orients the process of personality formation towards the upbringing of high moral qualities.

In Russian pedagogy, ethnopedagogy of the peoples of Russia - labor, justice, beauty, goodness - being the components of morality, constitute a single harmonious whole.

The highest human values: justice, labor, beauty, and most of all and above all, of course, kindness, kindness as the best, most convincing manifestation of love.

It is obvious that all this together constitutes a reliable basis of morality, and, accordingly, moral education.

To this list of universal human values, I think, it is necessary to add the truth.

So let's make a list of universal human moral values:

Labor, beauty, goodness, justice, love, truth, life, purpose of life, meaning of life, truth, chastity, purity, upbringing, homeland, family, children, honesty, traditions, conscience, freedom, man.

Human values ​​in the modern world

human value

In the modern world, there are two diametrically opposite points of view on the question of the existence of universal human values. The first of them: there are no absolute human values. Values ​​and a system of ethics are developed by an ethnos in relation to its own society, relying on the experience and nature of the interaction of people within this community. Since the conditions for the existence of different communities are different, it is incorrect to extend the ethical system of one community to the whole world. Each culture has its own scale of values ​​- the result of the conditions of its life and history, and therefore there are no certain universal values ​​common to all cultures. An example of ethical behavior among cannibals was eating the corpses of a defeated enemy after a battle, which action had a mystical meaning. Supporters of the above point of view believe that you cannot blame a cannibal for such behavior. Defenders of a different point of view appeal more to real situations of interaction and coexistence of different cultures. Since in the conditions of the modern world no community of people (except, perhaps, a specially created reservation) exists in isolation from others, but, on the contrary, actively interacts with them, for the peaceful coexistence of cultures it is necessary to develop some common system of values, even if it did not exist a priori ... For the peaceful coexistence of the culture of cannibals with the culture of vegetarians, they need to develop a certain system of common values, otherwise coexistence will be impossible. There is also a third point of view that follows from the first. Its adherents argue that this phrase is actively used in the manipulation of public opinion. Opponents of US foreign policy argue that in the foreign policy of America and its satellites, conversations about the defense of "universal human values" (freedom, democracy, protection of human rights, etc.) often develop into open military and economic aggression against those countries and peoples who want to develop in their traditional way, which is different from the opinion of the world community. In other words, according to this point of view, the term "universal human values" is a euphemism that covers up the West's desire to impose a new world order and ensure the globalization of the economy and multiculturalism. There are certain grounds for the emergence of such a point of view. European standards are approved all over the planet. These are not only technical innovations, but also clothing, pop music, English, construction technologies, art trends, etc. Including narrow practicalism, drugs, growth of consumer sentiment, the rule of the principle - "do not interfere with money making money", etc. Indeed, what today is commonly called "universal human values" are, first of all, the values ​​that have been established by the Euro-American civilization. Having undergone crises of different intensity and consequences, these ideologies have become an excellent soil on which a unified consumer society has grown in the West, and in Russia. In such a society, of course, there is a place for such concepts as goodness, love, justice, but the main values ​​in it include other "virtues" that are important primarily for achieving material well-being and comfort. Spiritual values ​​are becoming secondary. Another terrible feature of modern civilization is terror. Terrorist evil cannot be justified. But you can try to understand its reasons. Each of the tragedies is another episode of an intercivilizational war, in which on one side of the invisible front line is the Western, that is, the American-European civilization, and on the other - that world, or rather, its most radical and extremist part, to which the values ​​of this civilization are alien.

Intercivilizational confrontations are not at all a distinctive feature of the present time. They have always existed. But the main difference between the modern "war of the worlds" unfolding in the era of globalism is that this confrontation is growing into a global one, that is, a much larger and more dangerous one. And the Earth becomes the battlefield. Will this completely cancel the universality of human values? .. Is it possible at least to hope for a better outcome? .. It is impossible to make forecasts.

Human values ​​and norms.
Common human values ​​are fundamental, universal guidelines and norms, moral values, which are the absolute standard for people of all cultures and eras.
Over the long history of the existence of human society, fundamental human values ​​and norms of moral behavior have been developed. In society, kindness, loyalty, honesty, mutual assistance have always been valued and appreciated, and cynicism, deception, greed, vanity, and crimes are rejected.
The development of universal human values, the formation of a new type of personality is the most important milestone in the development of mankind. Today we contribute to the development of moral progress, taking place under the sign of universal humanism, inseparable from the formation of the personality of a harmoniously developed person, from the improvement of his moral consciousness, the noble purposefulness of his searches, plans and deeds.
The main pivot in the general system of personality development is education and upbringing based on moral universal values. Earlier we talked about training and education, today the main thing is training and development. After all, upbringing is also the development of the individual, especially in the moral aspect. And in the current conditions, one should speak not so much about education as about self-education. The human foundations for the development of independent thinking and attitude to the world, finding their own path, the ability to think critically and make important decisions are formed from an early age.
The norms that have developed in a society are the highest expression of its value system (that is, the prevailing ideas about what is good, right, or desirable). Values ​​and norms differ. Values ​​are abstract, general concepts, and norms are rules or guidelines for people to behave in certain kinds of situations. The system of values ​​that has developed in society plays an important role, since it affects the content of norms. All norms reflect social values. The value system can be judged by the norms prevailing in society.
Values ​​may include:

1. Health
2. Love, family, children, home
3. Relatives, friends, communication
4. Self-realization at work. Enjoy your work
5. Material well-being.
6. Spiritual values, spiritual growth, religion
7. Leisure - pleasure, hobbies, entertainment
8. Creative self-realization
9. Self-education
10. Social status and position in society
11. Freedom (freedom of choice, freedom of speech, etc.)
12. Stability

Fundamentals of ethics and etiquette of business communication.

Business communication is a necessary part of human life, the most important type of relationship between people. Eternal and one of the main regulators of these relations are ethical norms, which express our ideas about good and evil, justice and injustice, right or wrong of people's actions. And communicating in business cooperation with his subordinates, boss or colleagues, everyone, one way or another, consciously or spontaneously relies on these ideas. Taking into account all of the above, the ethics of business communication can be defined as a set of moral norms, rules and ideas that regulate the behavior and attitudes of people in the process of their production activities. It is a special case of ethics in general and contains its main characteristics.
Business communication is a complex multifaceted process of developing contacts between people in the official sphere. Its members act in official statuses and are focused on achieving goals, specific tasks. A specific feature of the named process is regulation, that is, submission to the established restrictions, which are determined by national and cultural traditions, professional ethical principles.
There are known "written" and "unwritten" norms of behavior in a given situation of official contact. The accepted procedure and form of behavior in the service is called business etiquette. Its main function is to form rules that promote mutual understanding between people. The second most important function is convenience, that is, expediency and practicality. Modern domestic service etiquette has international characteristics, because its foundations were actually laid in 1720 by the "General Regulations" of Peter I, in which foreign ideas were borrowed.
A common requirement of this kind is considered to be an affable and helpful attitude towards all colleagues at work, partners, regardless of personal likes and dislikes.
The regulation of business interaction is also expressed in the attention to speech. It is imperative to observe speech etiquette - the norms of language behavior developed by society, standard ready-made "formulas" that allow you to organize etiquette situations of greetings, requests, gratitude, etc. (for example, "hello", "be kind", "allow me to apologize", " happy to meet you "). These stable constructions are selected taking into account social, age, and psychological characteristics.
Types of business communication
Communication as interaction assumes that people establish contact with each other, exchange certain information in order to build joint activities, cooperation.
According to the method of information exchange, a distinction is made between oral, written and business communication.
Oral types of business communication, in turn, are divided into monologic and dialogical.
Monologue types include:
Greeting speech;
Commercial speech (advertising);
Information speech;
Report (at a meeting, meeting).
Public speaking
Dialogic views:
Business conversation - a short-term contact, mainly on one topic;
A business conversation is a continuous exchange of information, points of view, often accompanied by decision-making.
Negotiations - discussion with the aim of concluding an agreement on any issue; Interview - a conversation with a journalist intended for the press, radio, television;
Discussion;
Meeting (meeting);
Press conference.
Contact business conversation is a direct, "live" dialogue.
Telephone conversation (remote), excluding non-verbal communication.
In direct contact and direct conversation, verbal and non-verbal communication is of the greatest importance.
Conversation or messaging over the phone are the most common forms of communication, they are distinguished by direct contact and a wide variety of methods of communication, which allows you to easily combine the business (formal) and personal (informal) parts of a diverse message.
Written types of business communication are numerous official documents: a business letter, protocol, report, certificate, memorandum and explanatory note, act, statement, agreement, charter, position, instruction, decision, order, instruction, order, power of attorney, etc.
By content, communication can be divided into:
Material - the exchange of objects and products of activity;
Cognitive - knowledge sharing;
Motivational - exchange of motives, goals, interests, motives, needs;
Activity - the exchange of actions, operations, skills, skills.
By means of communication, it is possible to divide into four types:
Immediate - carried out with the help of natural organs given to a living being: hands, head, torso, vocal cords, etc.;
Mediated - associated with the use of special means and tools;
Direct - presupposes personal contacts and direct perception of people communicating with each other in the very act of communication;
Indirect - it is carried out through intermediaries who can be other people.
Business Etiquette
Defining etiquette as an established order of conduct anywhere gives the most general idea of ​​it. Business etiquette is rich in content, since it belongs to this category as special to the general. Business etiquette is the most important aspect of the moral professional behavior of an entrepreneur. Business people can fail many deals and contracts if they do not know the basic rules of business etiquette. In addition, a noticeable bad taste in dress and demeanor can significantly complicate the process of perception as a business partner.
In order not to get into an absurd situation, you need to know the rules of good form. In the old days, they were taught by Peter the Great. In 1709 he issued a decree according to which anyone who behaved "in violation of etiquette" was punished.
So, knowledge of business etiquette is the foundation of entrepreneurial success.
The rules of etiquette, clothed in specific forms of conduct, indicate the unity of its two sides: moral and ethical and aesthetic. The first side is the expression of morality, precautionary care, protection, etc. The second side is aesthetic - testifies to the beauty, grace of forms of behavior.
For greeting, not only verbal (speech) means "Hello!", "Good afternoon" are used, but also non-verbal gestures: bow, nod, wave of the hand, etc. You can say hello, indifferently, nod your head and walk past. But it is better to act differently - say, for example: “Hello, Ivan Alexandrovich!”, Smile warmly at him and stop for a few seconds. Such a greeting emphasizes your good feelings for this person, he will understand, you appreciate him, and the sound of your own name is a pleasant melody for any person.
An appeal without a name is a formal appeal: whether it is a subordinate or a boss, a neighbor on the staircase or a fellow traveler in public transport. An address by name, or even better - by name and patronymic, is an address of a person. Pronouncing a name, patronymic, emphasizes respect for human dignity, a demonstration of the state of mind. Such a greeting speaks of a person's culture and creates a reputation for him as a delicate, well-mannered, tactful person. Of course, people are not born with such qualities. These qualities are brought up, and then become a habit. The sooner such upbringing begins, the better and sooner it will become a habit.
Etiquette is a historical phenomenon. The rules of human behavior changed with changes in the living conditions of society, the specific social environment. Etiquette arose during the period of the birth of absolute monarchies. It was necessary to adhere to certain rules of behavior, ceremony was necessary for the exaltation of royal persons: emperors, kings, kings, princes, princes, dukes, etc. to consolidate the hierarchy within the class society itself. Not only a career, but also a person's life often depended on the knowledge of etiquette and the fulfillment of its rules. So it was in Ancient Egypt, China, Rome, the Golden Horde. Violation of etiquette led to enmity between tribes, peoples and even to wars.
Etiquette has always performed and continues to perform certain functions. For example, division according to ranks, estates, nobility of the family, titles, property status. Especially strictly observed and observed the rules of etiquette in the countries of the Far and Middle East.
In Russia at the beginning of the 18th century. Western etiquette began to be actively introduced. Clothes, mannerisms and external forms of behavior were transferred to the Russian land. The boyars and the nobility (especially in the capital cities) constantly and persistently, sometimes cruelly, watched the observance of such rules by the boyars and nobility. Later, during the reign of Elizabeth and Catherine II, those rules of etiquette were selected that met the requirements and characteristics of the national culture of Russia. Russia as a Eurasian country in many ways connected the opposites of Europe and Asia. And these opposites were many not only in the 18th century, but there are many of them even now. R.Kipling said that the West is the West, the East is the East, and they will never meet. So, in Europe, the mourning color is black, and in China - white. Even within the borders of the Russian Empire, the rules of behavior of various peoples were significantly different.
Of course, social progress contributed to the interpenetration of the rules of behavior, the enrichment of cultures. The world was getting closer. The process of mutual enrichment by the rules of behavior made it possible to develop mutually acceptable, generally recognized etiquette, enshrined in customs and traditions. Etiquette began to prescribe norms of behavior at work, on the street, at a party, at business and diplomatic receptions, in the theater, on public transport, etc.
But besides the rules of etiquette, there is also professional etiquette. In life, there have always been and will remain relationships that ensure the highest efficiency in the performance of professional functions. Participants in any interaction always try to maintain the most optimal forms of this interaction and rules of behavior. From a beginner, they will demand strict adherence to well-established and proven rules of business communication, since they facilitate the performance of professional functions and contribute to the achievement of their goals. In a particular collective, a group of workers, employees, business people, certain traditions are formed, which over time acquire the strength of moral principles and constitute the etiquette of a given group, community.
In the practice of business relations, there are always some standard situations that cannot be avoided. For these situations, they develop forms and rules of behavior. This set of rules constitutes business etiquette. One of the definitions of business etiquette is a code of conduct in business, which represents the outside of business communication.
Business etiquette is the result of a long selection of rules, forms of the most appropriate behavior, which contributed to the success in business relationships. So, for example, if it is necessary to establish strong business relationships with foreign partners, then knowledge of the rules of business etiquette with foreign colleagues is simply a must.
You can remember how trade relations were established with medieval Japan, which until the famous Meiji era was almost completely closed to the rest of the world. A merchant, a merchant who arrived in the land of the rising sun to establish business ties, introduced himself to the emperor. The presentation procedure was so humiliating that not every foreign guest could do it. The foreigner had to crawl from the door of the reception hall on his knees to the place assigned to him, and after receiving in the same way, backing away like a cancer, leave his place and hide behind the door.
But, as in those ancient times, so now, the rules of business etiquette help to bring together the economic and financial interests of trading people, businessmen. Profit was and remains above all differences of national character, religion, social status, psychological characteristics. These differences obeyed the etiquette of the country of interest to the businessman. Submission to the rules of the game by the determining party created the basis for the success of the transaction.
What rules of conduct an entrepreneur should know? First of all, it should be remembered that business etiquette includes strict adherence to the rules of a culture of behavior, which presupposes, first of all, a deep respect for human individuality. The social role that this or that person plays should not be self-sufficient, nor should it have a hypnotic effect on a business partner. A cultured entrepreneur will be equally respectful to the minister and to the ordinary technical worker of the ministry, the president of the company, the firm and the office cleaner. This sincere respect and attitude should become an integral part of nature, but only if you learn to believe in the decency of people. At the first meeting, you cannot even find a sign that you imagine him as a "dark horse", striving to bypass you on a straight line or bend, or, more simply, to deceive. Behavior should be based on a moral assessment: a business partner is a good person! Unless, of course, he has proven otherwise by his actions.
The culture of behavior in business communication is inconceivable without observing the rules of verbal (verbal "speech) etiquette associated with the forms and manners of speech, vocabulary, ie. with all the style of speech adopted in the communication of this circle of business people. There are historically developed stereotypes of speech communication. They were previously used by Russian merchants and entrepreneurs, and now they are used by cultural Russian and foreign business people. These are the words: "ladies", "gentlemen", "sudari" and "madam". Among other social groups, such appeals are not yet widely instilled, and we often observe how people experience a feeling of inner discomfort at meetings, meetings, because they do not know how to address each other. For example, the word "comrade" seems to belittle their dignity because of a certain attitude towards this word, which has developed under the influence of the media. On the other hand, many have clearly not grown to "masters" because of their beggarly existence. Therefore, very often in transport, in a store, on the street, we hear derogatory phrases: "Hey, man, move over", "Woman, punch a ticket", etc.
Among business people, the term "master" is the right to life. This word emphasizes that these citizens are a social group free and independent in their actions more than any other social group in modern Russia. In addition, this form of address is not borrowed anywhere in the West or East. "Lord" is an original Russian word. It has the most common meaning as a form of polite address to a group of persons and an individual, used in the privileged strata of society. In addition, in its other meaning - "owner of property" there is also a respectful attitude towards a person.
In a business conversation, you must be able to answer any question. Even for the simplest, asked several times every day: "How are you?", It is always necessary to remember about a sense of proportion. Not to answer anything or it is impolite to mumble "Normal" and walk by is also impolite; and if you also indulge in long discussions about your affairs, you can be known as a bore. In such cases, business etiquette prescribes to answer something like the following: "Thank you, okay", "Thank you, complaining is a sin", etc., asking, in turn, "I hope that everything is fine with you?" Such answers are neutral, they reassure everyone, they follow the prevailing norms in Russia: "Do not jinx when things are going well."
However, the Czechs, Slovaks, Poles and Yugoslavs answered the question "How are you?" the rules of business etiquette are not prohibited from briefly telling about difficulties, complaining, for example, about high prices. But they talk about this, cheerfully emphasizing that a business person overcomes difficulties - there are many of them in his business, but he knows how to cope with them, and is proud of it. It is assumed that only a loafer lives without difficulties and worries.
In verbal (verbal, speech) communication, business etiquette involves the use of various psychological techniques. One of them is the "stroking formula". These are verbal phrases such as: "Good luck to you!" etc., pronounced with different shades. Such speech signs of location as "Salute", "No problem", "Oh, key", etc. are widely used, but such techniques are usually used not at the first business meetings, but when certain relationships have already developed between partners.
But you should avoid such obviously stinging wishes as "Eat your bad wolf calf."
In the speech etiquette of business people, compliments are of great importance - pleasant words expressing approval, a positive assessment of business activities, emphasizing the taste in clothes, appearance, the balance of the partner's actions, that is, an assessment of the business partner's mind. It was not in vain that the heroine of the once popular film "The Elder Sister" said that an affectionate word is pleasant for a cat. From this point of view, a compliment is not a mechanism for flattery. Flattery, especially coarse flattery, is a mask behind which mercantile interest is often hidden. A compliment, especially if you are dealing with a female partner, is a necessary part of speech etiquette. During business communication, there is always a real opportunity for compliments. They inspire your business partner, give him confidence, and approve. It is especially important to remember about the compliment if you are dealing with a beginner, for example, who initially failed. It is no coincidence that open criticism of their employees is prohibited in Japanese firms; it is unprofitable for the firm, since labor activity
etc.................

Values ​​in human life: definition, features and their classification

Snezhana Ivanova

Values ​​and value orientations play the most important role in the life of an individual and society as a whole ...

The most important role not only in the life of each individual person, but also of the whole society as a whole is played by values ​​and value orientations, which perform primarily an integrative function. It is on the basis of values ​​(while focusing on their approval in society) that each person makes his own choice in life. Values, occupying a central position in the structure of the personality, have a significant impact on the orientation of a person and the content of his social activity, behavior and actions, his social position and his general attitude towards the world, towards himself and other people. Therefore, a person's loss of the meaning of life is always the result of destruction and rethinking of the old system of values, and in order to find this meaning again, he needs to create a new system based on common human experience and using the forms of behavior and activity accepted in society.

Values ​​are a kind of internal integrator of a person, concentrating around themselves all his needs, interests, ideals, attitudes and beliefs. Thus, the system of values ​​in a person's life takes the form of the inner core of his entire personality, and the same system in society is the core of its culture. Value systems, functioning both at the level of the individual and at the level of society, create a kind of unity. This is due to the fact that the personal value system is always formed based on the values ​​that are dominant in a particular society, and they, in turn, influence the choice of the individual goal of each individual person and the determination of ways to achieve it.

Values ​​in a person's life are the basis for choosing goals, methods and conditions of activity, and also help him answer the question, for the sake of what he performs this or that activity? In addition, values ​​represent the system-forming core of a plan (or program), human activity and his inner spiritual life, because spiritual principles, intentions and humanity are no longer related to activity, but to values ​​and value orientations.

The role of values ​​in human life: theoretical approaches to the problem

Modern human values- the most urgent problem of both theoretical and applied psychology, since they affect the formation and are the integrative basis of the activity of not only an individual, but also a social group (large or small), collective, ethnic group, nation and all of humanity. It is difficult to overestimate the role of values ​​in a person's life, because they illuminate his life, filling it with harmony and simplicity, which determines a person's desire for free will, for the will of creative possibilities.

The problem of human values ​​in life is studied by the science of axiology ( in the lane. from Greek. axia / axio - value, logos / logos - a reasonable word, teaching, study), or rather a separate branch of scientific knowledge of philosophy, sociology, psychology and pedagogy. In psychology, it is customary to understand values ​​as something meaningful for a person himself, something that gives an answer to his actual, personal meanings. Values ​​are also seen as a concept that denotes objects, phenomena, their properties and abstract ideas that reflect social ideals and therefore are the standard of what should be.

It should be noted that the special importance and significance of values ​​in human life arises only in comparison with the opposite (this is how people strive for good, because evil exists on earth). Values ​​cover the entire life of both a person and the whole of humanity, while they affect absolutely all spheres (cognitive, behavioral and emotional-sensual).

The problem of values ​​was of interest to many famous philosophers, sociologists, psychologists and educators, but the study of this issue began in ancient antiquity. So, for example, Socrates was one of the first who tried to understand what good, virtue and beauty are, and these concepts were separated from things or actions. He believed that the knowledge achieved through understanding these concepts is the basis of a person's moral behavior. Here it is also worth turning to the ideas of Protagoras, who believed that each person is already a value as a measure of the existing and non-existent.

Analyzing the category of “value”, one cannot ignore Aristotle, because it was he who originated the term “thymia” (or valued). He believed that values ​​in human life are both the source of things and phenomena, and the cause of their diversity. Aristotle identified the following benefits:

• valued (or divine, to which the philosopher referred the soul and mind);
• praised (impudent praise);
• opportunities (here the philosopher included strength, wealth, beauty, power, etc.).

Philosophers of modern times made a significant contribution to the development of questions about the nature of values. Among the most significant figures of that era, it is worth highlighting I. Kant, who called the will as the central category that could help in solving the problems of the human value sphere. And the most detailed explanation of the process of forming values ​​belongs to G. Hegel, who described changes in values, their connections and structure in three stages of the existence of activity (they are described in more detail in the table below).

Features of the change in values ​​in the process of activity (according to G. Hegel)

The problem of human values ​​in life has been deeply studied by foreign psychologists, among which are the works of V. Frankl. He said that the meaning of a person's life as his basic education finds its manifestation in the system of values. By the values ​​themselves, he understood meanings (he called them "universals of meanings"), which are characteristic of a large number of representatives not only of a particular society, but also of humanity as a whole throughout the entire path of its development (historical). Viktor Frankl focused on the subjective significance of values, which is accompanied, first of all, by a person taking responsibility for their implementation.

In the second half of the last century, values ​​were often viewed by scientists through the prism of the concepts of "value orientations" and "personal values". The greatest attention was paid to the study of the value orientations of the individual, which were understood as both an ideological, political, moral and ethical basis for a person's assessment of the surrounding reality, and as a way of differentiating objects according to their significance for the individual. The main thing that almost all scientists paid attention to was that value orientations are formed only through the assimilation of social experience by a person, and they find their manifestation in goals, ideals, and other manifestations of personality. In turn, the system of values ​​in human life is the basis of the content side of the orientation of the personality and reflects its internal attitude in the surrounding reality.

Thus, value orientations in psychology were considered as a complex socio-psychological phenomenon, which gave a characteristic of the orientation of the personality and the content side of its activity, which determined the general approach of a person to himself, other people and the world as a whole, and also gave meaning and direction to it. behavior and activities.

Forms of existence of values, their signs and characteristics

Throughout its history of development, humanity has developed universal or universal values, which for many generations have not changed their meaning and did not diminish their importance. These are such values ​​as truth, beauty, goodness, freedom, justice and many others. These and many other values ​​in human life are associated with the motivational-need-sphere and are an important regulating factor in his life.

Psychologically, values ​​can be represented in two meanings:

• in the form of objectively existing ideas, objects, phenomena, actions, properties of products (both material and spiritual);
• as their significance for a person (value system).

Among the forms of existence of values ​​are distinguished: social, objective and personal (they are presented in more detail in the table).

Forms of the existence of values ​​according to O.V. Sukhomlinskaya

The research of M. Rokich was of particular importance in the study of values ​​and value orientations. He understood values ​​as positive or negative ideas (moreover, abstract), which are in no way connected with any particular object or situation, but are only an expression of human beliefs about types of behavior and prevailing goals. According to the researcher, all values ​​have the following characteristics:

• the total number of values ​​(meaningful and motivated) is small;
• all human values ​​are similar (only the levels of their significance are different);
• all values ​​are organized into systems;
• the sources of values ​​are culture, society and social institutions;
• values ​​influence a large number of phenomena that are studied by a wide variety of sciences.

In addition, M. Rokich established a direct dependence of a person's value orientations on many factors, such as the level of his income, gender, age, race, nationality, level of education and upbringing, religious orientation, political convictions, etc.

Some signs of values ​​were also proposed by Sh. Schwartz and U. Biliski, namely:

• values ​​mean either a concept or a belief;
• they refer to the desired end states of the individual or to his behavior;
• they have a supra-situational character;
• are guided by the choice, as well as the assessment of human behavior and actions;
• they are ordered by importance.

Classification of values

Today in psychology there are a huge number of very different classifications of values ​​and value orientations. This diversity is due to the fact that values ​​are classified according to a variety of criteria. So they can be combined into certain groups and classes, depending on what types of needs these values ​​satisfy, what role they play in human life and in what area they are applied. The table below shows the most generalized classification of values.

Classification of values

From the point of view of the psychological characteristics of human values, the classification proposed by K. Khabibulin is interesting. Their values ​​were divided as follows:

• depending on the subject of activity, values ​​can be individual or act as values ​​of a group, class, society;
• according to the object of activity, the scientist singled out material values ​​in a person's life (or vital) and sociogenic (or spiritual);
• depending on the type of human activity, values ​​can be cognitive, labor, educational and socio-political;
• the last group is made up of values ​​according to the way of performing activities.

There is also a classification based on the allocation of vital (human ideas about good, evil, happiness and sorrow) and universal values. This classification was proposed at the end of the last century by T.V. Butkovskaya. According to the scientist, universal values ​​are:

• vital (life, family, health);
• social recognition (values ​​such as social status and ability to work);
• interpersonal recognition (display and honesty);
• democratic (freedom of expression or freedom of speech);
• particular (belonging to the family);
• transcendental (manifestation of faith in God).

It is also worthwhile to dwell separately on the classification of values ​​according to M. Rokich - the author of the most famous method in the world, the main goal of which is to determine the hierarchy of personal value orientations. M. Rokich divided all human values ​​into two large categories:

• terminal (or value-goals) - a person's conviction that the ultimate goal is worth all the efforts to achieve it;
• instrumental (or value-methods) - a person's conviction that a certain way of behavior and action is the most successful for achieving the goal.

There are a huge number of different classifications of values, a summary of which is given in the table below.

Classifications of values

Analyzing the presented classification, the question arises, what are the main values ​​in human life? In fact, there are a lot of such values, but the most important are common (or universal) values, which, according to V. Frankl, are based on the three main human existentials - spirituality, freedom and responsibility. The psychologist identified the following groups of values ​​("eternal values"):

• creativity that allows people to understand what they can give a given society;
• experiences through which a person is aware of what he receives from society and society;
• relationships that enable people to realize their place (position) in relation to those factors that in any way limit their life.

It should also be noted that the most important place is occupied by moral values ​​in human life, because they play a leading role in making people decisions related to morality and moral norms, and this, in turn, indicates the level of development of their personality and humanistic orientation.

The system of values ​​in human life

The problem of human values ​​in life occupies a leading position in psychological research, because they are the core of the personality and determine its orientation. In solving this problem, a significant role belongs to the study of the system of values, and here the research of S. Bubnova, who, based on the works of M. Rokich, created her own model of the system of value orientations (it is hierarchical and consists of three levels), had a serious influence. The system of values ​​in human life, in her opinion, consists of:

• values-ideals, which are the most general and abstract (this includes spiritual and social values);
• values-properties that are fixed in the process of human life;
• values-ways of activity and behavior.

Any value system will always combine two categories of values: values-goals (or terminal) and values-methods (or instrumental). Terminal ones include the ideals and goals of a person, group and society, and instrumental ones - ways to achieve goals that are accepted and approved in a given society. Values-goals are more stable than values-methods, therefore they act as a system-forming factor in various social and cultural systems.

Each person expresses his own attitude to the specific system of values ​​existing in society. In psychology, there are five types of human relationships in the value system (according to J. Gudechek):

• active, which is expressed in a high degree of internalization of this system;
• comfortable, that is, outwardly accepted, but at the same time a person does not identify himself with this value system;
• indifferent, which consists in the manifestation of indifference and a complete lack of interest in this system;
• disagreement or rejection, manifested in a critical attitude and condemnation of the value system, with the intention of changing it;
• opposition, which manifests itself in both internal and external contradiction with this system.

It should be noted that the system of values ​​in a person's life is the most important component in the structure of personality, while it occupies a borderline position - on the one hand, it is a system of a person's personal meanings, on the other, his motivational-need-sphere. The values ​​and value orientations of a person act as a leading personality trait, emphasizing its uniqueness and individuality.

Values ​​are the most powerful regulator of human life. They guide a person on the path of his development and determine his behavior and activities. In addition, the focus of a person on certain values ​​and value orientations will certainly have an impact on the process of forming society as a whole.

Common human values ​​are fundamental, universal guidelines and norms, moral values, which are the absolute standard for people of all cultures and eras.

The overwhelming variety of points of view on this issue contains the idea of ​​universal human values ​​as a material, spiritual, and intellectual phenomenon. Sometimes universal human values ​​are confused with the values ​​of humanity - water, air, food, flora and fauna, minerals, energy sources, etc. Or with values ​​that have a state (public) status - the security of the country, the economy, health care, education, everyday life, etc. Therefore, some consider "values" stable, unchanged, while others - changing depending on the change in economic, political, military and other conditions, on the policy of the ruling elite or the party, on the change in the socio-political system, etc.

We will consider OTs - as a timeless phenomenon, as the initial fundamental axioms, which can be referred to as: "principles", "laws", "attitudes", "commandments", "covenants", "credo", "creeds", "canons "," Spiritual axioms ", etc. This is an absolute, enduring and highly significant need of both humanity as a whole and of an individual, regardless of gender, race, citizenship, social status, etc.

The concept of two variants of social relations is directly related to the understanding of OTs: “There are two understandings of society: either society is understood as nature, or society is understood as spirit. If society is nature, then the violence of the strong over the weak is justified, the selection of the strong and fit, the will to power, the domination of man over man, slavery and inequality, man is a wolf to man. If society is spirit, then the highest value of man, human rights, freedom, equality and brotherhood is affirmed ... This is the difference between the Russian and German idea, between Dostoevsky and Hegel, between L. Tolstoy and Nietzsche "(N. Berdyaev).

One of the central and most important OTs can be attributed to the life of an individual person, which acts as the ontological (existential) basis of all other values.

Creativity is another major human value. It is creativity that allows a person to feel, to realize himself as a creator, a creator of an unprecedented, hitherto non-existent. It elevates a person, makes his "I" not only especially significant, but also unique. This is an active value. In the results of creativity, the unity of the external and internal world of a person is captured. Both primitive man, child and modern adult experience special, joyful emotions when they manage to discover, invent, invent, design, create something new that does not exist in nature, or improve something already created earlier.

Creativity is manifested not only in utilitarian, cognitive, research activities, but also in moral and especially brightly - in the artistic and aesthetic sphere. Already in primitive society, people painted, sculpted, sculpted, carved, decorated their dwellings, household items, clothes, weapons, tools, cult objects, themselves; they sang, played music, danced, portrayed scenes of a different nature. This suggests that the beautiful (beauty) - can be considered as the highest aesthetic value.

People have always felt the need to search for truth. In the pre-scientific era, people's understanding of the truth was very ambiguous: it included experimental and sacred knowledge, legends, convictions, omens, hopes, beliefs, etc. scientists. Far-sighted rulers cared about the development of science and education ... That is why the truth can be put on a par with other basic values. This is the highest intellectual value, the value of a person as Homo sapiens.

In unity with the considered values, a sense of justice is formed and operates. Justice is ensuring the interests of people, respecting their dignity. The affirmation of justice generates satisfaction in people. While injustice causes resentment, indignation, anger, hatred, envy, revenge, etc., pushes to fight for the restoration of justice. This suggests that justice is the most important moral and legal value.

A number of authors in this context interpret material good as the highest utilitarian value for a person as a bodily being. (But in the approach we have chosen, such an interpretation of material wealth clearly "does not fit").

Two "lines" of opposites are built: "life - good (good) - creativity - truth - beautiful - justice" and "death - idleness - evil - lies - ugly - injustice". In the first chain of concepts, values ​​are interconnected by some kind of their correspondence, kinship, are in unity with each other, and in the second all anti-values ​​are in their unity, correspondence, kinship.

Some authors distinguish between a biological person and a social person. If the first one is preoccupied with satisfying his needs - in food, clothing, housing, reproduction of a kind ... Then the second, like a rosary, goes through the options: what is profitable and not profitable ... He has no internal restrictions, he, as a rule, is deprived conscience. The third type of person is a spiritual person - in short, a person with a conscience. In other words, with the ability to distinguish between good and evil. OTs can also include such values ​​as the meaning of life, happiness, goodness, duty, responsibility, honor, dignity, faith, freedom, equality ...

In the modern era of global changes, the absolute values ​​of goodness, beauty, truth and faith acquire special significance as the fundamental foundations of the corresponding forms of spiritual culture, presupposing harmony, measure, balance of the integral world of man and his constructive life affirmation in culture. Goodness, beauty, truth and faith mean adherence to absolute values, their search and acquisition.

The Biblical moral commandments are of lasting importance: the Old Testament ten commandments of Moses and the New Testament Sermon on the Mount of Jesus Christ.

In the history of every nation, every culture, there is a changeable and permanent, temporary and timeless. One grows, flourishes, grows old and dies, while the other, in one or another transformed form, passes from one form to another, without changing internally, but only outwardly transforming. OTs is something that remains eternal and unchanged throughout history, dwelling in the depths of human culture. This moral axiomatics, the indisputable and universal, those spiritual supports that "hold" the world, like physical constants, on which all scientific knowledge rests.

The very phrase “universal human values” was introduced into everyday life by M. S. Gorbachev during perestroika, as a counterbalance to the “class morality” that prevailed in the USSR before.

There is an opinion that adherence to universal human values ​​contributes to the preservation of the human species. At the same time, a number of universal human values ​​can exist as archetypes.

Many basic laws, which exist in almost all countries, relate to universal human values ​​(for example, the prohibition of murder, theft, etc.).

Many liberal principles such as freedom of speech and human rights are universal values.

Some religions consider their laws to be universal values. For example, Christians include the Ten Commandments as such.

It is often argued that the so-called "golden rule of morality" - "Do not do to others what you do not want to be done to you" - can be an example of universal human value.